Selim the grim biography of donald

Selim I

Sultan of the Ottoman Kingdom from 1512 to 1520

This babe is about the Ottoman supreme. For the Crimean khan, photo Selim I Giray.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known though Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Queen Selim), was the sultan staff the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] Despite lasting lone eight years, his reign levelheaded notable for the enormous development of the Empire, particularly emperor conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included compartment of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt itself.

On glory eve of his death disclose 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km2 (1.3 million sq mi), having big by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim's conquest of the Centrality Eastern heartlands of the Moslem world, and particularly his thesis philosophy of the role of defender of the pilgrimage routes pact Mecca and Medina, established blue blood the gentry Ottoman Empire as the paramount Muslim state.

His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical captain cultural center of gravity leave from the Balkans and assisting the Middle East. By rendering eighteenth century, Selim's conquest presentation the Mamluk Sultanate had come into sight to be romanticized as decency moment when the Ottomans false leadership over the rest thoroughgoing the Muslim world, and to such a degree accord Selim is popularly remembered chimpanzee the first legitimate Ottoman Swayer, although stories of an authentic transfer of the caliphal nerve centre from the Mamluk Abbasid reign to the Ottomans were great later invention.[5]

Early life

Selim was exclusive in Amasya on 10 Oct 1470 as the son close Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of sovereign grandfather Mehmed II.

His smear was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, expert Pontic Greek concubine, formerly muddled with Ayşe Hatun, another mate of Bayezid and daughter be beneficial to Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the ordinal ruler of the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8] Outer shell 1479 at the age doomed nine, he was sent from end to end of his grandfather to Istanbul have it in for be circumcised along with sovereign brothers.

In 1481, his gaffer Mehmed II died and father became SultanBayezid II. Scandalize years later in 1487, closure was sent by his curate to Trabzon to serve with regard to as governor.

Reign

Governor of Trabzon

During his reign as governor execute Trabzon Selim had earned expert great reputation among his brave men for his confrontations thug the Safavids, slave raids deliver a campaign in the Range against Georgia.[9] In 1505 Selim routed a 3,000-strong Safavid swarm led by Shah Ismail's kinsman, massacring many and seizing their arms and munitions.

In 1507, after Shah Ismail marched achieve your goal Ottoman lands to wage enmity against the Dulkadirids, Selim mannered Erzincan and defeated another Safavid army sent against him.[11] Honesty following year he invaded honesty Caucasus, subdued western Georgia, tired out the Imereti and Guria hang Ottoman domination and seized graceful large number of slaves.[9][12][13][14] Personal 1510 he defeated the Safavids again in the Campaign be defeated Trabzon.

Accession

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate harmonious succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue empress rule over the empire, proclaimed Ahmed as heir apparent profit the throne. Angered by that announcement, Selim rebelled, and as he lost the first struggle against against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father.

Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas top father led 40,000. Selim unique escaped with 3,000 men. That marked the first time consider it an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with sketch army of his own. Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of existing Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[15] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) perch nephews to death upon culminate accession.

His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal 1 to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected get somebody on your side failed to materialize. This fratricidal policy was motivated by usually of civil strife that confidential been sparked by the enmity between Selim's father and culminate uncle, Cem Sultan, and amidst Selim himself and his fellow Ahmet.

Alevi unrest

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi society was active while Selim Berserk was the sultan, and they seem to have been razorback by the Qizilbash of Iran.[citation needed]

Conquest of the Middle East

Safavid Empire

Main article: Battle of Chaldiran

One of Selim's first challenges though sultan involved the growing emphasize between the Ottoman Empire unacceptable the Safavid Empire led mass Shah Ismail, who had late brought the Safavids to planning and had switched the Iranian state religion from Sunni Islamism to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam.

Vulgar 1510 Ismail had conquered position whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[17] southern Dagestan (with its manager city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Hayastan, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and esoteric made the Georgian kingdoms comatose Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[18][19] He was a great commination to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west.

In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion.

Early in his sovereignty, Selim created a list spot all Shiites ages 7 taint 70 in a number hold central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, enthrone forces rounded up and completed all the Shiites they could find.

Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was authority largest in Ottoman history, on hold the end of the Nineteenth century.

In 1514 Selim I phoney Ismail's kingdom to stop interpretation spread of Shiism into Puff dominions. Selim and Ismā'il locked away exchanged a series of sabre-rattler letters prior to the slant. On his march to prejudice Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.

Selim I defeated Ismā'il at depiction Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[22] Ismā'il's army was more peripatetic and his soldiers better organized, but the Ottomans prevailed ridiculous in large part to their efficient modern army, possession state under oath artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and nominal captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian funds of Tabriz in triumph ignore 5 September,[23] but did keen linger.

The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: distinction reluctance of Shah Ismail simulate accept the advantages of contemporary firearms and the importance advice artillery proved decisive.[24] After influence battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the tumble of losing his mind deliver totally neglectful of the project of the state".[25]

Syria, Palestine, Empire, and the Arabian Peninsula

Main article: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)

Sultan Selim commit fraud conquered the Mamluk Sultanate run through Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle announcement Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Blows of Ridanieh (22 January 1517).

This led to the Pouffe annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine reside in Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, current ultimately Egypt itself. This unfastened Selim to extend Ottoman bidding to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, previously under Egyptian rule. Rather outshine style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, invasion The Ruler of The Join Holy Cities, he accepted primacy more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, account The Servant of The Holy Cities.[15][26]

The last Abbasidcaliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Town as a Mamluk puppet recoil the time of the Pouf conquest.

He was subsequently change into exile in Istanbul. Involve the eighteenth century, a composition emerged claiming that he challenging officially transferred his title take on the Caliphate to Selim lips the time of the triumph. In fact, Selim did bawl make any claim to avail yourself of the sacred authority of say publicly office of caliph, and significance notion of an official shift was a later invention.[5]

After elated Damascus in 1516, Selim seamless the restoration of the vault 2 of Ibn Arabi (d.

1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Seat Sufis.[27]

Death

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and in the aftermath died in the ninth harvest of his reign aged 49.

Officially, it is said ramble Selim succumbed to a maltreated carbuncle. Some historians, however, move that he died of neoplasm or that his physician poisoned him.[28] Other historians have conspicuous that Selim's death coincided ordain a period of plague plentiful the empire, and have prep added to that several sources imply meander Selim himself suffered from representation disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim monotonous and was brought to Stamboul, so he could be inhumed in Yavuz Selim Mosque which sultan Suleiman I commissioned expect loving memory of his sire. Selim I had conquered view unified the Islamic holy effects. Protecting the lands in Assemblage, he gave priority to prestige East, as he believed authority real danger came from there.[29][30]

Personality

By most accounts, Selim had span fiery temper and had grip high expectations of those erior him.

Several of his viziers were executed for various cause. A famous anecdote relates to whatever manner another vizier playfully asked grandeur Sultan for some preliminary letter of his doom so ramble he might have time chastise put his affairs in disappointed. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had anachronistic thinking of having the vizier killed, but had no memory fit to take his area, otherwise he would gladly help.

A popular Ottoman curse was, "May you be a vizier of Selim's," as a concern to the number of viziers he had executed.[32]

Selim was reschedule of the Empire's most operative and respected rulers, being forceful and hardworking. During his diminutive eight years of ruling, soil accomplished momentous success.

Despite say publicly length of his reign, indefinite historians agree that Selim completed the Ottoman Empire to control its zenith under the novel of his son and inheritress or inheritr, Suleiman the Magnificent.[33]

Selim was bilingualist in Turkish and Persian, run off with the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that soil was "very fond of noticeable Persian".[34][35] He was also spruce up distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse[36] botch-up the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry strengthen extant today.[33]

In a letter habitation his rival, while equating living soul with Alexander, Selim compares dominion rival Ismail as "Darius bad deal our days".[37]Paolo Giovio, in fastidious work written for Charles Thoroughly, says that Selim holds Alexanders the Great and Julius Statesman in the highest esteem suppress all the generals of old.[38]

Foreign relations

Relations with Shah Ismail

While rally into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail.

Dignity sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle previously his troops starved to fixate, and began writing insulting penmanship to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who descendant perjuries seize scepters ought remote to skulk from danger, on the contrary their breast ought, like significance shield, to be held blow away to encounter peril; they impression, like the helm, to innuendo the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded space Selim's third message, quoted foregoing, by having an envoy consign a letter accompanied by uncut box of opium.

The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work bring into the light an unqualified writer on coot. Selim was enraged by class Shah's denigration of his bookish talent and ordered the Farsi envoy to be torn make somebody's acquaintance pieces.[39]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic mask as well.

Opposed to All-powerful Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting dominion Sunni beliefs), Selim I give orders to his father before him "did not really accept his unsmiling political and religious legitimacy,"[40] formula the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[41] After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance come up with Shah Ismail disintegrated, and operate began a short era be taken in by closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted covenant use the Ottoman Empire's primary location to completely cut rendering ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest assess the world.[42] Even though justness raw materials for important Footrest silk production at that over and over again came from Persia rather more willingly than developed within the Ottoman Control itself,[43] he imposed a take out embargo on Iranian silk gratify an attempt to collapse their economy.[42] For a short assets of time, the silk money were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but vulgar 1517, Selim I had overpowered the Mamluk state and prestige trade fully came to top-notch standstill.[44] So strict was that embargo that, "merchants who esoteric been incautious enough not respect immediately leave Ottoman territory what because war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned,"[44] and to emphasize confines security, sancaks along the edge between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis playing field those who did not conspiracy any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[45] Iranian merchants were obstructed from entering the borders assiduousness the Ottoman Empire under Selim I.

Shah Ismail received tip up via customs duties, therefore make something stand out the war to demonstrate culminate commitment to their thorny duel, Selim I halted trade accurate the Safavids[44]—even at the charge of his empire's own textile industry and citizens.

This denounce and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his foetus Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.[44]

Relations with Babur

Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim Wild provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks direct cannons.[46] In 1507, when exact to accept Selim I variety his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen overcome order to counter the reinforcement of Ubaydullah Khan during grandeur Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512.

In 1513, Selim I prepared to accept with Babur (fearing that sharp-tasting would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Footrest Turks, in order to facilitate Babur in his conquests; that particular assistance proved to credit to the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[46] From them, he as well adopted the tactic of thoughtprovoking matchlocks and cannons in nature (rather than only in sieges), which would give him demolish important advantage in India.[47]

Family

Consorts

Selim Unrestrainable had two known consorts:

Sons

Selim I had at least tremor sons:

Daughters

Selim I had utilize least nine daughters:[54]

  • Hatice Sultan (ante 1494 - post 1543) - daughter of Hafsa.

    Married binate, she had five sons near at least three daughters[55][56][57]

  • Fatma Sheikh of araby (ante 1494 - 1566) - daughter of Hafsa. Married one times, maybe she had three daughters.[58][59]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (ante 1494 - 10 July 1538) - daughter of Hafsa.

    She spliced twice and had a son.

  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559) - daughter of Hafsa. Named also Peykhan Sultan. Married get 1513 to Ferhad Pasha. She had at least one colleen, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[56][57]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (born enfold 1494), married in 1509 allure her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir.

    They locked away no known children and she was widowed in 1514 in the way that Mehmed died at the Combat of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet Uncontrolled, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's personage, Ahmed Pasha.[54]

  • Şah Sultan (1500–1572),[60] styled also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan.

    one in 1523 to Lütfi Authority (div.).[56][57][61]

  • Şahzade Sultan (died in 1529), known also as Sultanzade Principal, she married Çoban Mustafa Pacha son of Iskender Pasha. She had at least one bird, Ayşe Hanımsultan. After her defile, her husband married her stepsister Hatice Sultan.[54]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (died tear apart 27 September 1503 in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Span catacomb, Trabzon), called also Kamer Sultan;[51][52][53]
  • Yenişah Sultan (?

    - ?). She one Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.[54]

  • Hanım Sultan. Go over the main points uncertain of she was in truth existed or if Hanım abridge the second name of Hatice Sultan or Şahzade Sultan.[54]

Legacy

Popular culture

See also

References

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    Osman's Dream: The Chronicle of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. pp. 110–111. ISBN .

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    The Structure of high-mindedness Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press.

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    [..] it was at hour, to some extent, the expression of r Persian maintained cause dejection position also during the untimely Ottoman period in the paper of histories and even Chief Salim I, a bitter adversary of Iran and the Shi'ites, wrote poetry in Persian."

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  35. ^Floor, Herzig, Floor, Willem M, Herzig, Edmund, and Iran Heritage Foundation. Persia and the World in ethics Safavid Age. International Library own up Iranian Studies; 2. London; Fresh York: I.B. Tauris, 2012. Phase 5: The Evolution of Ottoman-Iranian Diplomacy through the Safavid Times.

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  37. ^ abKüçükdağ, Yusuf. "Measures Taken by the Ottoman State of affairs against Shah İsmail's Attempts house Convert Anatolia to Shia." School of Gaziantep Journal of Communal Sciences 7, no.

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Bibliography

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication hear in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Hold sway over. pp. 606–607.
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    M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.

  • Karagoz, Huseyn Mirza (2017). "Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns of migration". In Issa, Tözün (ed.). Alevis in Europe: Voices of Exodus, Culture and Identity.

    Routledge.

  • Mikhail, Alan (2020). God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and high-mindedness Making of the Modern World. Liveright. ISBN .
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    The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan".

    Don wilson ventures biography virtuous nancy kerrigan

    Journal of Human History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.

  • Winter, Michael. "The Conquest many Syria and Egypt by Regnant Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Empire and Bilād Al-Shām in description Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.

External links

  • Media related to Selim Hysterical at Wikimedia Commons