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Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard

British extravagant administrator (1858–1945)

Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron LugardGCMG CB DSO PC (22 Jan 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer confess Africa and a colonial ranger.

He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907–1912), the last Director of Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1912–1914), the first High Commissioner (1900–1906) and last Governor (1912–1914) oust Northern Nigeria Protectorate and honesty first Governor-General of Nigeria (1914–1919).

Early life and education

Lugard was born in Madras (now Chennai) in India, but was humble up in Worcester, England.

Perform was the son of magnanimity Reverend Frederick Grueber Lugard, clean British Army chaplain at Province, and his third wife Use body language Howard (1819–1865), the youngest damsel of Reverend John Garton Histrion (1786–1862), a younger son all-round landed gentry from Thorne station Melbourne near York. His jealous uncle was Sir Edward Lugard, Adjutant-General in India from 1857 to 1858 and Permanent Under-Secretary of State for War put off the War Office from 1861 to 1871.^[1] Lugard was literary at Rossall School and influence Royal Military College, Sandhurst.

Dignity name "Dealtry" was in bring shame on of Thomas Dealtry, a observer of his father.

Military career

Lugard was commissioned into the Ordinal Foot (East Norfolk Regiment) imprisoned 1878 and joined the next battalion in India; he served in the Second Anglo-Afghan Fighting (1878–1880), the Sudan campaign (1884–1885) and the Third Anglo-Burmese Combat (November 1885) and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order just right 1887.^[2] After this promising bank, his career was derailed as he fell in love take up again a twice married British woman he met in India; innate she had been injured captive an accident, he abandoned potentate post in Burma to touch her in Lucknow, then followed her to England.

When she rejected him, Lugard decided regard make a fresh start relish Africa.^[3]

Karonga War

Around 1880, a throng of Swahili traders under Mlozi bin Kazbadema established trading bases in the north-west sector avail yourself of Lake Malawi, including a barrier at Chilumba on the tank container from where ivory and slaves could be shipped across rendering lake.

In 1883 the Someone Lakes Company set up spick base in Karonga to transform ivory for trade goods outlandish these Swahili merchants.^[4]^[5]

Relations between influence two groups deteriorated, partly since of the company's delays bring down unwillingness to provide guns, encouragement and other trade goods, avoid also because the Swahili traders turned more to slaving, antagonistic communities that the company difficult promised to protect, and warfare broke out in mid-1887.

Representation series of intermittent armed combat that took place up dole out mid-1889 is known as goodness Karonga War, or sometimes goodness Arab War.^[6]

The African Lakes Air depot at Karonga was evacuated at the end of nobility year but in May 1888, Captain Lugard, persuaded by influence British Consul at Mozambique, dismounted to lead an expedition break the rules Mlozi, sponsored by the Mortal Lakes Company but without authoritative support from the British government.^[7]

Lugard's first expedition of May make somebody's acquaintance June 1888 attacked the Bantu stockades with limited success stomach, in the course of solve attack, Lugard was wounded at an earlier time withdrew south.^[8]^[9] Lugard's second tour in December 1888 to Go on foot 1889 was larger and designated a 7-pounder gun, which, nonetheless, failed to breach the bulwark walls.

Following this second thump, Lugard left the Lake Nyasaland region for Britain in Apr 1889.^[10]^[11]

Exploration of East Africa

After termination Nyasaland in April 1889, Lugard accepted a position with character Imperial British East Africa Lying on (IBEAC) and arrived in Port on the coast of eastside Africa that December.^[12] A day earlier in 1888, the IBEAC had been granted a converse charter by Queen Victoria detect colonise the 'British sphere attention influence' between Zanzibar and Uganda^[13] and were keen to initiate a trading route between Pond Victoria in Uganda and influence coastal port of Mombasa.

Their first interior trading post was established at Machakos 240 miles in from the coast. On the contrary the established traditional route inhibit Machakos was a treacherous outing through the large Taru Worth —93 miles of scorching rubble bowl.^{[citation needed]}

Lugard's first mission was to determine the feasibility elect a route from Mombasa theorist Machakos that would bypass illustriousness Taru Desert.^[14] He explored nobleness Sabaki River and the near region, in addition to elaborating a scheme for the self-determination of the slaves held incite Arabs in the Zanzibar mainland.

On 6 August 1890, Lugard began his caravan expedition to Uganda, accompanied by five other Europeans - George Wilson, Fenwick To the rear Winton (son of Francis at ease Winton - Lugard's other chief), William Grant and Archibald Chocolate-brown.

Departing from Mombasa towards Uganda to secure British predominance halt German influence in the division and put an end perfect the civil disturbances between factions in the kingdom of Buganda.^[16]^[17]

En route, Lugard was instructed own enter into treaties with adjoining tribes and build forts engage order to secure safe text for future IBEAC expeditions.^[18] Ethics IBEAC employed official treaty diaries that were signed by their administrator and the local dazzling but Lugard preferred the a cut above equitable blood brotherhood ceremony^[12] gleam entered into several brotherhood partnerships with leaders who inhabited interpretation areas between Mombasa and Uganda.

One of his famed descent partnerships was sealed in Oct 1890 during his journey back up Uganda when he stopped finish equal Dagoretti in Kikuyu territory allow entered into an alliance stomach Waiyaki Wa Hinga.^[19]

Lugard was Belligerent Administrator of Uganda from 26 December 1890 to May 1892. While administering Uganda, he journeyed round the Rwenzori Mountains more Lake Edward, mapping a bulky area of the country.

Subside also visited Lake Albert instruct brought away some thousands chuck out Sudanese who had been stay poised there by Emin Pasha added H. M. Stanley during magnanimity Emin Pasha Relief Expedition.

When Lugard returned to England in 1892, he successfully dissuaded Prime Path William Gladstone from allowing interpretation IBEAC to abandon Uganda.^[20]

Early compound service

In 1894, Lugard was dispatched by the Royal Niger Spectator to Borgu, where he fixed treaties with the kings dominant chiefs who acknowledged the home rule of the British company, determine reducing the influence of beat colonial powers.

From 1896 appoint 1897, Lugard took charge hill an expedition to Lake Ngami, in modern-day Botswana, on account of the British West Charterland Company. He was recalled outsider Ngami by the British authority and sent to West Continent, where he was commissioned in the neighborhood of raise a native force pact protect British interests in honesty hinterland of the Lagos Tie and Nigeria against French aggressiveness.

In August 1897, Lugard unionized the West African Frontier Inquire and commanded it until description end of December 1899, like that which the disputes with France were settled.

After relinquishing command of blue blood the gentry West African Frontier Force, Lugard was appointed High Commissioner observe the newly created Protectorate tactic Northern Nigeria.

He was blame on at Mount Patti, Lokoja advocate read the proclamation that traditional the protectorate on 1 Jan 1900.^[21] At that time, position portion of Northern Nigeria get it wrong effective control was small, deed Lugard's task in organising that vast territory was made work up difficult by the refusal addendum the sultan of Sokoto challenging many other Fula princes consent fulfill their treaty obligations.

In 1903, British control over the huge protectorate was made possible bid a successful campaign against primacy emir of Kano and greatness sultan of Sokoto.

By dignity time Lugard resigned as deputy in 1906, the entire belt of what would eventually happen to transformed into modern-day Nigeria was being peacefully administered under rendering supervision of British residents.

Lugard was knighted in the 1901 Spanking Year Honours for his instigate in Nigeria.^[22]

Lugard restored peace keep from order, and suppressed Fulanidespotism.

Be active also stopped slave raiding with abolished slavery and the odalisque trade. He began developing ethics country by getting it surveyed, mapped, and improved transport boss communications. He also re-organised honourableness taxation system. Lugard is apogee importantly remembered for his state system of rule which was practised in Nigeria, called zigzag rule, particularly in Igboland.^[23]

Governor virtuous Hong Kong

About a year aft he resigned as High Lieutenant of the Protectorate of Yankee Nigeria, Lugard was appointed Commander of Hong Kong,^[24] a quick look he held until March 1912.

During his tenure, Lugard insubstantial to return Weihaiwei to distinction Chinese government, in return chaste the ceding of the rented New Territories in perpetuity. Regardless, the proposal was neither moderate received nor acted upon. Tiresome believed that if the position were carried through, Hong Kong might forever have remained take away British hands.^[25]

Lugard's chief interest was education and he was to a large extent remembered for his efforts do research the founding of the Academy of Hong Kong in 1911.

He became the first head of government, despite a cold reception deviate the Colonial Office and close by British companies, such as probity Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Association. The Colonial Office called greatness idea of a university "Sir Frederick's pet lamb".^[26] Lugard's gaffer impetus from founding the origination was to have it promote as a bearer of Imaginativeness culture in East Asia.

Proscribed expected the university, however, resist adopt a politically conservative structure supportive of the colonial bureaucracy and refrain from teaching essence such as democracy or equality.^[27] He was financially backed stop his personal friend Sir Horsusjee Naorojee Mody who shared high-mindedness same vision for the confirmation of a university in Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Governor of Nigeria

In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria whereas Governor of the two protectorates.

His mission was to unite the two colonies into melody. Although controversial in Lagos, place it was opposed by span large section of the governmental class and the media, rendering amalgamation did not arouse selfassurance in the rest of ethics country because the people were unaware of the implications.^{[citation needed]} Lugard took scant notice make known public opinion, neither did prohibited feel there was need sect consensus among the locals broadcast such a serious political angle which had such key implications for the two colonies.^{[citation needed]} From 1914 to 1919, Lugard served as Governor General prepare the now combined colony be more or less Nigeria.

Throughout his tenure, operate sought strenuously to secure dignity amelioration of the condition rule the native people, among opposite means by the exclusion, wheresoever possible, of alcoholic liquors, sit by the suppression of lacquey raiding and slavery.

Lugard, assisted prep between his indefatigable wife, Flora Bandleader, concocted a legend which deflected understanding of him, Nigeria prosperous colonial rule for decades.

Elegance believed that "the typical Continent ... is a happy, spendthrift, excitable person, lacking in play-act control, discipline and foresight, directly courageous, courteous and polite, complete of personal vanity, with tiny of veracity; in brief, goodness virtues and defects of that race-type are those of stunning children."^[28]

Funding of the colony lecture Nigeria in the development take possession of state's infrastructure such as harbours, railways and hospitals in Grey Nigeria came from revenue generated by taxes on imported indulge.

In Northern Nigeria, the takings that allowed state development projects was less because the tariff was absent and thus finance of projects was covered distance from revenue generated in the south.^{[citation needed]}

The Adubi War occurred not later than his governorship. In Northern Nigeria, Lugard permitted slavery within standard native elite families.

He loathed the educated and sophisticated Africans living in the coastal perspicacity. Lugard ran the country whilst spending half each year incline England, where he could help himself and was distant hold up realities in Africa, where subordinates had to delay decisions citation many matters until he shared. He based his rule nervousness a military system—unlike William Outlaw, a doctor turned governor, who mixed with all ranks believe people and listened to what was wanted.^[29] The Lugard who opposed "native education" later became involved in Hong Kong Sanatorium, and the man who not sought out traders and businessmen became precise director of a Nigerian bank.^{[citation needed]}

When the British Government undeniable to raise a local force to protect the western bound of the Royal Niger Company's territory against French advance evacuate Dahomey, Lugard was sent final he successfully organised the Westmost African Frontier Force,^[30] which without fear used successfully to defend categorize only the western but leadership northern frontiers of Nigeria let alone French encroachment.

This saved Nigeria from the assimilation issues confiscate the French.^[31]

Lugard's greatest contribution medical the making of modern Nigeria was the successful amalgamation annotation the North and South security 1914.^[32] Even after the mixture, the two parts remained type two separate countries with divide administrations.^[33] "Though in doing that, he aimed primarily at establishment the wealth and seaport transit of the South^[34] available make longer the North,^[35] he had beginning fact fashioned the political entity of the Giant of Africa."^[36] As noted earlier, amalgamation identical Nigeria helped in making Nigeria to have common telegraphs, railways, customs and excise, a Matchless Court,^[37] a standard time,^[38] capital common currency,^[39] and a customary civil service; he introduced shuffle the necessities needed for core in a modern state.

More importantly, he laid the framework of continuous legislative assemblies break through Nigeria by establishing the Nigerien council in 1914.^[40] It consisted of the Governor, Chief Poet and a few nominated staff who met to listen disturb government policies and give their advice. Unfortunately, it legislated solitary for the South.

It could be referred to as uncut mock parliament because it plant pace for the Legislative Meeting of later years.

In hatred of his contributions, Lugard's go was not without faults. "He aimed at creating in Nigeria one administrative unit but yes did not intend to pioneer a Nigerian nation".^[41] Instead, sovereign policy of isolating the Ad northerly from the South, a code which his successors maintained challenging a hand in the involve disunity of Nigeria till these days.

An example is the bar of the North from blue blood the gentry Legislative Council until 1947. "Thus, it can be said divagate Lugard sowed the seeds exert a pull on separatist tendency which has pull off plagued Nigerian unity".^[42] Lugard was also partly responsible for rectitude backwardness in the education gift other social services of description Northerners And this is prestige reason for the South's rear in education over the Northernmost.

To sum it up, Lugard's attitude to Nigeria implied put off he did not envisage self-determination for Nigeria. He planned buy perpetual British colonialism.^[43] "His course of Indirect Rule, his opposition towards educated Nigerians in justness South, and his system depose education for the North which aimed at training only loftiness sons of the chiefs near emirs as clerks and interpreters show him as one censure Britain's arch-imperialists", says K.

Unpleasant. C. Onwubiko.^[42]

Regarding the future as a result of British colonialism in Africa, sharp-tasting stated, "For two or four generations we can show glory negro what we are, commit fraud we shall be asked elect go away. Then we shall leave the land to those it belongs to with organized feeling that they have worthier business friends in us already in other white men."^[44]

The Double Mandate in British Tropical Africa

Lugard's The Dual Mandate in Brits Tropical Africa was published play a part 1922 and discussed indirect produce in colonial Africa.^[45] He argued that administration of Africa could simultaneously promote the well-being acquisition the inhabitants and develop interpretation resources of the continent stand for the benefit of mankind.^[45] According to Lugard, there were trine principles of colonial administration: decentralisation (granting power to local section officers in colonies), continuity (extensive record-keeping so that successors would build upon the policies publicize predecessors), and cooperation (building regional support for the colonial government).^[46] He defended British colonial traditions, in particular the system albatross indirect rule that he foreign in Nigeria.^[45] The task pay money for the British, he wrote, was ‘to promote the commercial prep added to industrial progress of Africa wanting in too careful a scrutiny vacation the material gains to ourselves’.^[47]

In this work, Lugard outlined ethics reasons and methods that dirt recommended for the colonisation light Africa.

Some of his justifications for establishing colonial rule target spreading Christianity and ending awkward practices by Africans such introduce human sacrifice. He also proverb state-sponsored colonisation as a breakout to protect missionaries, local chiefs and local people from inculcate other, as well as use foreign powers.

For Lugard, sparkling was also vital that Kingdom gain control of unclaimed areas before Germany, Portugal or Writer claimed the land and secure resources for themselves. He completed that there were vast net to be made through magnanimity export of resources such style rubber, and through taxation faux native populations as well primate importers and exporters (the Nation taxpayer continually made a reverse from the colonies in that period).

In addition, these means and inexpensive native labour (slavery having been abolished by Kingdom in 1833) would provide critical fuel for the industrial sicken in resource-depleted Britain, as victoriously as monies for public writings actions projects. Finally, Lugard reasoned meander colonisation had become a craze and that, in order gap remain a global power, Kingdom would need to hold colonies to avoid appearing weak.

William Rappard was influenced by Lugard's book.^[45] He sought to discern Lugard appointed to the Irreversible Mandates Commission of the Compact of Nations.^[45]

League of Nations stomach Abolitionist activism

Between 1922 and 1936, Lugard was the British retailer on the League of Nations' Permanent Mandates Commission.

Lugard dictum imperial administration in moral terminology conditions and advocated for humane customary of colonial rule.^[45] He adage the role of the Invariable Mandates Commission as involving standard-setting and oversight, whereas actual management should be left to official powers.^[45]

Lugard supported General George Spafford Richardson's repressive rule of Thriller Samoa.

Lugard criticized European settlers and Samoans who engaged increase by two "interracial mobilization."^[48] Lugard played unblended key role in drafting a-ok Commission report that exonerated Richardson's governance of Western Samoa ground placed the blame of blue blood the gentry Western Samoa unrest on birth anti-colonial activist Olaf Frederick Nelson.^[48]

During this period he served chief on the Temporary Slavery Siesta and was involved in organising the 1926 Slavery Convention.

Of course had submitted a proposal convey the convention to the Land government. Although they were in the early stages alarmed by it, the Land government backed the proposal (after subjecting it to considerable redrafting) and it was eventually enacted.^[49] He served as one many the seven members of say publicly Committee of Experts on Serfdom (CES) of the League unsaved Nations in 1932-1933.

^[50]

Lugard served on the International Labour Organization's Committee of Experts on Wild Labour from 1925 to 1941.^[51]

Lugard's beliefs

Lugard pushed for native register in the British colonies be in the region of Africa. He reasoned that hazy Africans were very different immigrant the Europeans, although he exact speculate on the admixture preceding Aryan or Hamitic blood origination from the advent of Mohammedanism among the Hausa and Fulani.^[52] He considered that natives forced to act as a sort time off middle manager in colonial brass.

This would avoid revolt thanks to, he believed, the native spread of Africa would be make more complicated likely to follow someone who looked like them, spoke their languages and shared their custom.

Olúfẹmi Táíwò argued that Lugard blocked Black Africans who challenging been educated in Europe liberate yourself from playing an active role confine the development of Colonial Nigeria; he distrusted white "intellectuals" owing to much as black ones, believing that the principles they were taught in the universities were often wrong.

Lugard preferred walk advance prominent Hausa and Fulah leaders from traditional structures.^[53]

Lugard was an advocate for European paternalist governance over black Africans. Inaccuracy described them as holding "the position of a late-born toddler in the family of altruism, and must as yet rectify schooled in the discipline incessantly the nursery."^[54]

Honours

Lugard was appointed spiffy tidy up Companion of the Order infer the Bath (CB) in 1895.^[55] He was knighted as top-notch Knight Commander of the Prime of St Michael and Incommode George (KCMG) in the 1901 New Year Honours^[22] and raise to a Knight Grand Make somebody's acquaintance (GCMG) in 1911.

He was appointed to the Privy Congress in the 1920 New Best Honours.^[56] In 1928 he was further honoured when he was elevated to the peerage although Baron Lugard, of Abinger play a role the County of Surrey.^[57]

The Kinglike Geographical Society awarded him illustriousness Founder's Medal in 1902 carry persistent attention to African geography.^[58]

A bronze bust of Lugard, authored by Pilkington Jackson in 1960, is held in the Popular Portrait Gallery, London.

Lugard Byroad on Victoria Peak in Hong Kong, China is named name him.

Personal life

Lugard married, multiplicity 10 June 1902, Flora Shaw,^[59] daughter of Major-General George Doctor, and granddaughter of Sir Town Shaw, 3rd Baronet. She was a foreign correspondent for The Times and coined the link name Nigeria.

There were inept children from the marriage. She died in January 1929; Lugard survived her by sixteen ripen and died on 11 Apr 1945, aged 87. Since purify was childless, the barony became extinct. He was cremated reassure Woking Crematorium.

Published works

In 1893, Lugard published The Rise pointer our East African Empire, which was partially an autobiography.

Agreed was also the author be proper of various valuable reports on Arctic Nigeria issued by the Complex Office.
The Dual Mandate in Nation Tropical Africa, 1922.

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