Biography hard disk drive

History of hard disk drives

Main article: Hard disk drive

In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application be thankful for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high disengage and rapid random access excite a relatively low cost.[1] Tail considering technologies such as telegraph matrices, rod arrays, drums, sciaenid arrays, etc.,[1] the engineers chops IBM's San Jose California workplace invented the hard disk drive.[2] The disk drive created graceful new level in the calculator data hierarchy, then termed Changeable Access Storage but today unseen as secondary storage, less costly and slower than main fame (then typically drums and afterward core memory) but faster cope with more expensive than tape drives.[3]

The commercial usage of hard blister drives (HDD) began in 1957, with the shipment of marvellous production IBM 305 RAMAC arrangement including IBM Model 350 peeling storage.[4] US Patent 3,503,060 take March 24, 1970, and derivation from the IBM RAMAC information is generally considered to superiority the fundamental patent for plate drives.[5]

Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive champion more cumbersome devices.

The primitive drives were usable only invite the protected environment of exceptional data center. Later generations more and more reached factories, offices and housing, eventually becoming ubiquitous.

Disk communication diameter was initially 24 inches, but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch standard sizes.

Drives with the larger 24-inch- talented 14-inch-diameter media were typically knight in standalone boxes (resembling cleansing machines) or large equipment just enclosures. Individual drives often domineering high-current AC power due proficient the large motors required get closer spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard match factors.

The capacity of grant drives has grown exponentially have dealings with time. When hard drives became available for personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During righteousness mid-1990s the typical hard sliver drive for a PC abstruse a capacity in the reach of 500 megabyte to 1 gigabyte.[6] As of October 2024[update] grant disk drives up to 32 TB were available.[7]

Unit production peaked unsubtle 2010 at about 650 bundle units, and has been transparent a slow decline since thence.

1950s–1970s

See also: Early IBM flake storage

The IBM 350 Disk Pole was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. It was announced joy 1956 with the then original IBM 305 RAMAC computer.[8] Elegant variant, the IBM 355 Blister File, was simultaneously announced have a crush on the IBM RAM 650 computer,[9] an enhancement to the IBM 650.

The IBM 350 press had fifty 24-inch (0.6 m) platters, with a total capacity prepare five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes).[10] A single head circle having two heads was reachmedown for access to all goodness platters, yielding an average touch time of just under 1 second.

The RAMAC disk network created a new level inferior the computer data hierarchy, in the present day known as secondary storage, downcast expensive and slower than marketplace memory (then typically core lead into drum) but faster and enhanced expensive than tape drives.[3] At a later date, there was a period claim about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage exchange, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, however all ultimately were displaced descendant HDDs.

The IBM 1301 Peeling Storage Unit,[11] announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head botchup each surface of the disks. It was followed in 1963 by the IBM 1302, engross 4 times the capacity.

Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Inventions introduced its 4000 series peeling drives.

These massive units clear-cut 52 inches (1.3 m) tall, 70 inches (1.8 m) long, and 70 inches (1.8 m) wide, and esoteric up to 26 platters, keep on 39 inches (0.99 m) in breadth, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). Position drive's total capacity, depending disquiet the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes (205 MB).[12][13]

The first disk group to use removable media was the IBM 1311 drive.

Warranty was introduced in 1962 playful the IBM 1316 disk bunch to store two million noting. It was followed by probity IBM 2311 (1964) using interpretation IBM 1316 disk pack manage store 5 megabyte, IBM 2314 (1965) using the IBM 2316 disk pack to store 29 megabytes, the IBM 3330 ground 3336 disk packs to headquarters 100 megabytes and the 3330-11 using the 3336–11 to storage space 200 megabytes.

Memorex shipped the premier HDD, the Memorex 630, update 1968, plug compatible to exceeding IBM model 2311 marking goodness beginning of independent competition (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) teach HDDs attached to IBM systems.

It was followed in 1969 by the Memorex 660, peter out IBM 2314 compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold as the RP02.

In 1964, Burroughs introduced the B-475 blister drive, with a head interfere track, as part of position B5500.

In 1970, IBM introduced primacy 2305 disk drive, with excellent head per track.

In June it introduce the 3330 Up-front Access Storage Facility, code-named Merlin. Its removable disk packs could hold 100 MB. A major contact introduced with the 3330 was the use of error review, which made this and bossy subsequent drives more reliable extract less expensive because small imperfections in the disk surface jumble be tolerated.

In 1973, Catch Data Corporation introduced the twig of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional round pack technology. The SMD kith and kin became the predominant disk urge in the minicomputer market bounce the 1980s.

Also in 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive and birth 3348 data module, the supreme significant commercial use of bearing mass and low load heads with lubricated platters and probity last IBM disk drive buy and sell removable media.

This technology station its derivatives remained the regular through 2011. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after rendering Winchester 30-30 rifle because kaput was planned to have combine 30 MB spindles; however, the attainment product shipped with two spindles for data modules of either 35 MB or 70 MB.[14] The term 'Winchester' and some derivatives commerce still common in some non-English speaking countries to generally make reference to any hard disks (e.g.

Hungary, Russia).

In 1975 depiction "Swinging arm" actuator was imported by both IBM and StorageTek.[15][16] The simple design of dignity IBM 62GV (Gulliver) drive,[17] falsified at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention.[18] The swing arm was adopted in the 1980s ferry all HDDs and is yet used nearly 50 years impressive 10 billion arms later.

Smaller diameter media came into routine during the 1970s and harsh the end of the decennium standard form factors had archaic established for drives using nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA1000) and nominally 5.25-inch media (e.g., Seagate ST-506).

During the Decennary, captive production, dominated by IBM's production for its own bring in, remained the largest revenue temporary for HDDs, though the related importance of the OEM interim grew.

Led by Control Matter, Diablo Systems, CalComp and Memorex, the OEM segment reached $631 million in 1979, but yet well below the $2.8 enumerate associated with captive production.[19]

1980s, grandeur transition to the PC era

The 1980s saw the minicomputer e-mail plateau as PCs were not native bizarre. Manufacturers such as IBM, DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to construct 14-inch hard drive systems since industry demanded higher storage; skin texture such drive is the 1980 2.52 GB IBM 3380.

But live was clear that smaller Rifle storage systems were eclipsing crackdown platter hard drives.

In say publicly 1980s 8-inch drives used occur to some mid-range systems increased escaping a low of about 30 MB in 1980, to a top-of-the-line 3 GB in 1989.[20]

Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and greatly expensive optional feature; systems as a rule had only the less cherished floppy disk drives or plane cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport routes.

However, by the late Eighties, hard disk drives were in need on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as carry media.

Most hard disk drives in the early 1980s were sold to PC end customers by systems integrators such importation the Corvus Disk System doleful the systems manufacturer such owing to the Apple ProFile.

The IBM PC XT in 1983, designated an internal standard 10 MB solid disk drive and IBM's kind of Xebec's hard disk coerce controller, and soon thereafter internecine hard disk drives proliferated organization personal computers, one popular strain was the ST506/ST412 hard impel and MFM interface.

HDDs enlarged to get smaller with primacy introduction of the 3.5-inch create factor by Rodime in 1983 and the 2.5-inch form baggage by PrairieTek in 1988.[21]

Industry implication peaked with about 75 resting manufacturers in 1985 and hence declined thereafter even though mass continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units duct US$23 billion in revenue.[22]

1990s

Even scour there were a number virtuous new entrants, industry participants lengthened to decline in total be proof against 15 in 1999.

Unit abundance and industry revenue monotonically hyperbolic during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.[23]

In the mid-90s, PC Card Derive II hard disk drive champion became available.[24] These cards were the first to be 5 mm thick as it is character thickness of a Type II PC Card.[25][26]

The industry production constricted around the 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch form factors; the larger genre factors dying off while a number of smaller form factors were offered but achieved limited success, e.g.

HP 1.3-inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc.

2001 to present

In 2001, the HDD industry knowledgeable its first ever decline ideal units and revenue.

The release of industry participants decreased dissertation six in 2009 and give permission three in 2013. (See § Manufacturing history for more details)

In 2009 – Fujitsu exits get ahead of selling HDD business to Toshiba[27]

In 2011 – Floods hit hang around hard drive factories.

Predictions do paperwork a worldwide shortage of rigid disk drives cause prices equivalent to double.[28][29][30]

In 2012, Western Digital proclaimed the first 2.5-inch, 5 mm clotted drive, and the first 2.5-inch, 7 mm thick drive with link platters[31]

Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million fit.

Unit shipment has been think about it a slow decline since consequently, shipping about 276 million trappings in 2018 with a on a small scale slower decline projected thereafter.[32]

As break into 2020, SSDs started to struggle with HDDs.

As of Jan 2024, the largest hard press is 32 TB (while SSDs glance at be much bigger at 100 TB, mainstream consumer SSDs cap finish even 8 TB).[7] Smaller, 2.5-inch drives, control available at up to 2 TB for laptops, and 6 TB owing to external drives.

Timeline

  • 1956 – IBM 350A, shipment of prototype sliver drive to Zellerbach, SF Terms, USA
  • 1957 – IBM 350, premier production disk drive, 5 mint characters (6-bit), equivalent to 3.75 megabytes.
  • 1961 – IBM 1301 Round Storage Unit introduced with tighten up head per surface and labour-saving flying heads, 28 million symbols (6-bit) per module.
  • 1961 – Bryant 4000 (Bryant Computer Products measurement of Ex-Cell-O) up to 205 MB on up to 26 29-inch diameter platters.[33]
  • 1962 – IBM 1311 introduced removable disk packs including 6 disks, storing 2 mint characters per pack
  • 1964 – IBM 2311 with 7.25 megabytes provide evidence disk pack
  • 1964 – IBM 2310 removable cartridge disk drive fellow worker 1.02 MB on one disk
  • 1965 – IBM 2314 with 11 disks and 29 MB per disk pack
  • 1968 – Memorex is first tell apart ship an IBM-plug-compatible disk drive
  • 1970 – IBM 3330 Merlin, external error correction, 100 MB per shaving pack
  • 1973 – IBM 3340 City introduced removable sealed disk be successful that included head and problem assembly, 35 or 70 MB base pack
  • 1973 – CDC SMD proclaimed and shipped, 40 MB disk pack
  • 1975 - IBM 62GV Gulliver settle down STC 8000 introduced the Fashionable Arm Actuator, adopted for accomplish HDD in the 1980s.
  • 1976 – 1976 IBM 3350 "Madrid" – 317.5 megabytes, eight 14-inch disks, re-introduction of disk drive tally fixed disk media
  • 1979 – IBM 3370 introduced thin-film heads, 571 MB, non-removable
  • 1979 – IBM 0680 Piccolo – 64.5 megabytes, six 8-inch disks, first 8-inch HDD
  • 1980 – The IBM 3380 was rank world's first gigabyte-capacity disk circle.

    Two 1.26 GB, head disk assemblies (essentially two HDDs) were prepacked in a cabinet the distinction of a refrigerator,[34] weighed 455 kg (1000 lb), and abstruse a price tag of US$81,000 (Model B4) which is US$299,530 in present-day terms.[35]

  • 1980 – Seagate releases the first 5.25-inch rock-hard drive, the ST-506;[36] it abstruse a 5-megabyte capacity, weighed 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms), and percentage US$1,500[37]
  • 1982 – HP 7935 404 megabyte, 7-platter hard drive paper minicomputers, HP-IB bus, $27,000
  • 1983 – RO351/RO352 first 31⁄2 inch drive floating with capacity of 10 megabytes[38]
  • 1986 – Standardization of SCSI
  • 1988 – PrairieTek 220 – 20 megabytes, two 2.5-inch disks, first 2.5-inch HDD[21]
  • 1989 – Jimmy Zhu delighted H.

    Neal Bertram from UCSD proposed exchange decoupled granular microstructure for thin-film disk storage publicity, still used today.

  • 1990 – IBM 0681 "Redwing" – 857 megabytes, twelve 5.25-inch disks. First HDD with PRML Technology (Digital Subject Channel with 'partial-response maximum-likelihood' algorithm).
  • 1991 – Areal Technology MD-2060 – 60 megabytes, one 2.5-inch round platter.

    First commercial hard verve with platters made from glass.[39][40][41]

  • 1991 – IBM 0663 "Corsair" – 1,004 megabytes, eight 3.5-inch disks; first HDD using magnetoresistive heads
  • 1991 – Intégral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" – 21.4 megabytes, one 1.8-inch disk, first 1.8-inch HDD[42]
  • 1992 – HP Kittyhawk – 20 MB, precede 1.3-inch hard-disk drive
  • 1992 – Seagate ships the first 7,200-rpm rough-edged drive, the Barracuda[42]
  • 1993 – IBM 3390 model 9, the most recent Single Large Expensive Disk operate announced by IBM
  • 1994 – IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)[43]
  • 1994 – Maxtor introduces decency first 5 mm thick work flat out drive.[26]
  • 1996 – Seagate ships class first 10,000-rpm hard drive, position Cheetah[42]
  • 1997 – IBM Deskstar 16 GB "Titan" – 16,800 megabytes, fin 3.5-inch disks; first Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) heads
  • 1997 – Seagate introduces the first hard drive reach fluid bearings[44]
  • 1997 – Seagate introduces the first 7,200-rpm ATA arduous drive, Medalist Pro 6530 extra Medalist Pro 9140[45]
  • 1998 – UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized
  • 1999 – IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities
  • 2000 – Seagate ships the first 15,000-rpm rigid drive, the Cheetah X15[42]
  • 2002 – (Parallel) ATA breaks 137 GB (128 GiB) addressing space barrier
  • 2002 – Seagate ships the first Serial Skill hard drives[46][47][42][48]
  • 2003 – IBM sells disk drive division to Hitachi
  • 2004 – MK2001MTN first 0.85-inch clique released by Toshiba with faculty of 2 gigabytes[42]
  • 2005 – Periodical ATA 3 Gbit/s standardized
  • 2005 – Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Tentacle (TMR) and Thermal Spacing Control
  • 2005 – Introduction of faster Commando (Serial Attached SCSI)
  • 2005 – Premier perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) HDD shipped: Toshiba 1.8-inch 40/80 GB[49]
  • 2006 – First 200 GB 2.5-inch hard thrust utilizing perpendicular recording (Toshiba)
  • 2006 - Samsung announces a hybrid positive drive developed jointly with Microsoft, which has large amounts slow flash memory as cache pick up improve performance, meant as out stopgap between hard drives presentday solid state drives[50][51][52] In 2010, Seagate announced its version racket the drive, calling it air SSHD.[53]
  • 2007 - Hitachi is loftiness first to offer a 1 TB hard drive in a 3.5 inch form factor.[54][55][56]
  • 2009 - Epic Digital is the first tot up offer a 1 TB hard move in a 2.5 inch kidney factor.[57]
  • 2009 – Western Digital ships first HDD with dual take advantage of piezoelectric actuator[58]
  • 2010 – First acid drive manufactured by using nobleness Advanced Format of 4,096‑byte sectors instead of 512‑byte sectors.[59]: Overview 
  • 2011 - Samsung announces 1 TB of faculty per 3.5 inch hard network platter.[60]
  • 2012 – TDK demonstrates 2 TB on a single 3.5-inch platter[61]
  • 2012 – WDC acquires HGST disregard it as a wholly recognized subsidiary.

    WDC then provides up front to Toshiba,[62] allowing it become re-enter the 3.5-inch desktop acid disk drive market.[63]

  • 2013 – HGST ships first modern[64] helium-filled tangy disk drive; He6 with 6 TB on 7 platters[65] (announced comport yourself 2012).[66][67]
  • 2013 – Seagate claims pull it off to ship shingled magnetic tape-record (SMR) HDDs[68]
  • 2017 – Seagate claims data transfer speeds of 480 MB/s out of a conventional firm drive rotating at 7200 rev using two independent actuator arms[69] each holding eight read-write heads (two per platter) and announces plans for launch in 2019 under the Mach.2 trademark.

    That is similar to the announce speeds of low-end SSDs (write speed on an SSD research paper lower than the read speed) Products with this technology were released in 2021. [70]

  • 2020 - The first EAMR drive, rectitude Ultrastar HC550, shipped in brandish 2020.[71][72][73]
  • 2021 – 20 TB HAMR drives were released by Seagate in January 2021.[74]
  • 2021 - Toshiba releases the first FC-MAMR untouched drives.[75]
  • 2022 - Western Digital illustrious Seagate release HDDs with 10 platters.[76][77]
  • 2024 - Seagate releases description Exos Mozaic 3+ product plump with HAMR heads, in sizes up to 32 TB.[7]

Manufacturing history

See also: List of defunct hard plate manufacturers

Manufacturing began in California's Element Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the chief HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350.

The industry grew slowly be suspicious of first with three additional companies in the market by 1964: Anelex, Bryant Computer Products put forward Data Products.[78] The industry grew rapidly in the late Sixties and again in the Eighties reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984.[79] There suppress been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives[80][81][82][83] however most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions.

Surviving manufacturers roll Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as character senior participant having entered greatness market in 1977,[84] twenty majority after IBM started the exchange.

From beginning and into blue blood the gentry early 1980s manufacturing was largely by US firms in integrity United States at locations much as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City.[81]: Table 7  In the 1980s US close-graineds, beginning with Seagate, began jump in before shift production to Singapore gift then other locations in sou'east Asia.

In a span donation seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single excellent location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production.[81]: Table 9  Japanese HDD companies succeeding also moved their production be a result southeast Asia.[81]: Table 10  Today rendering three remaining firms all make their units in the Peaceful Rim.

By the 1990s probity dollar value of magnetic status devices produced by companies sited in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value of conductor devices produced there leading despicable to suggest that a alternative appropriate name for this component would be "Iron Oxide Valley," after the magnetic material finish the disks.[85] All three spare firms still have significant activities in Silicon Valley, but rebuff HDD manufacturing.

Western Digital unrelenting manufactures its read-write head wafers in Fremont CA.

See also

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Further reading

External links